I recently ordered a copy of They Say/I Say, Gerry Graff’s new book, to use in teaching writing. I like it and love the way it is full of great quotations and examples of writing. In particular it led me to track down this quote from Kenneth Burke, which is a great way to describe to students how academic writing works. It also helps remind us that just because Bakhtin is all about heteroglossalia, not all heteroglossia is about Bakhtin:
“In equating ‘dramatic’ with ‘dialectic,’ we automatically have also our perspectice for the analysis of history, which is a ‘dramatic’ process, involving dialectic oppositions. And if we keep this always in mind, we are reminded that every document bequeathed us by history must be treated as a _strategy for encompassing a situation_. This, when considering some document like the American Constitution, we shall be automatically warned not to consider it in isolation, but as the _answer_ or _rejoinder_ to assertions current in the situation in which it arose. We must take this into account when confronting now the problem of abiding by its ‘principles’ in a situation in that puts forth totally different questions than those prevailing at the time when the document was formed. We should thus claim as our allies, in embodying the ‘dramatic perspective,’ those modern critics who point out that our Constitution is to be considered as a rejoinder to the theories and practices of mercantilist paternalism current at the time of its establishment.
Where doe the drama get its materials? From the ‘unending conversation’ that is going on at the point in history when we are born. Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come late. When you arrive, other have long prededed you, and they are engaged in a heated discussion, a discussion too heated for them to pause and tell you exactly what it is about. In fact, the discussion had already begun long before any of them got there, so that no one preent is qualified to retrace for you all the steps that had gone before. You listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers; you answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the embarassment or gratification of your opponent, depending upon the quality of your ally’s assistance. However, the discussion is interminable. The hour grows late, you must depart. And you do depart, with the discussion still vigorously in progress.”
-Kenneth Burke, Philosophy of Literary Form, pp. 109-110