Osorio, Benjamin, Kame’eleihiwa
by Alex
Dude. The other day I blogged what I thought was a felicitous congruence between Walter Benjamin and Jonathan Osorio. The passage from Osorio that I thought was so cool was this:
Ka wa mamua and ka wa mahope are the Hawaiian terms for the past and future, respectively. But note that ka wa mamua (past) means the time before, in front, or forward. Ka wa mahope (future) means the time after or behind. These terms do not merely describe time, but the Hawaiians’ orientation to it. We face the past, confidently interpreting the present, cautiously backing into the future, guided by what our ancestors knew and did. -Jon Osorio, Dismembering Lahui p.7
But then I was also reading Native Land and Foreign Desires by Lilikala Kame’eleihiwa, which was published a full decade before Osorio’s book, when I ran across this passage:
It is interesting to note that in Hawaiian, the past is referred to as ka wa mamua, or “the time in front or before.” Whereas the future, when thought of at all, is Ka wa mahope, or “the time which comes after or behind.” It is as if the Hawaiian stands firmly in the present, with his back to the future, and his eyes fixed upon the past, seeking historical answers for present-day dilemmas. Such an orientation is to the Hawaiian an eminently practical one, for the future is always unknown, whereas the past is rich in glory and knowledge. – Lilikala Kame’eleihiwa, Native Land, Foreign Desires, p. 22-23
Ouch. I’m not sure exactly how that happened, but if I were Osorio I would have quoted Kame’eleihiwa instead of more or less copying that passage. Since Osorio knows Kame’eleihiwa and her work quite well (they teach together), its particularly surprising to see this kind of slippage.
Maybe I am missing something. These two look similar, but in no way identical, and at least at first reading I noticed nothing specific to suggest a dependency of one on the other. There are some cultural facts that become sufficiently cliched that people develop similar ways of talking about them–I doubt Kame’eleihiwa was the first person to describe things this way…
Rex, Another point to chew on with respect to both of these passages is the extent to which the grammatically spatiotemporal orientation of ancient Hawaiian(s) was more complicated than presented here. On one hand, the lexeme /wa/ is not the only semantic simple that translates into SAE ‘time’. On the other hand, the ma+mua and ma+hope constructs depend on E.Poly’s linear spatial schema (hope –> X –> mua) which a) when used in genealogy would seem to play out much more like the SAE intuition (eg. with respect to birth order; though the old quip that Polynesians ‘ascend’ not ‘descend’ may be relevant); and b) the linear spatial schema is NOT the only spatiotemporal schema directly coded into the grammar. The aspectual system is distal, right!?! And ancient (and modern) Hawaiian speakers are free, of course!, to look ‘forward’ into the future as well as the past (you can find examples of such constructions in various texts). Oh, yeah, I suppose this has nothing to do with your observation, just a ramble on the general fascination with the language-and-culture interface (cognitive, ideological or whathaveyou) of spacetime in Eastern Poly. Still, should we be surprised that the angel of history has a special fondness for Hawaii?
Well, I’m not accusing Osorio of plagiarism or anything. But given how new the Hawai’ian studies momvement is, and how seminal Kama’eleihiwa is in the area, I think that bon mot of this sort deserve to be cited. We often remark in anthropology, for instance, that we study the imponderabilia of everyday life, but when we do we typically give a nod to Malinowksi for having formulated put it in just that way. And perhaps Lilikala wasn’t the first to put it in exactly this ways but… have you found an earlier reference?
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